Healthy Weight Among Adults

This topic area covers statistics and information relating to healthy weight among adults in Hull including local strategic need and service provision. Further information relating to Healthy Weight Among Children and Young People is given under Lifestyle Factors within Children and Young People. Healthy weight information has been collected within Hull’s Health and Wellbeing Surveys and full reports are available under Surveys within Tools and Resources.

This page contains information from the Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips. Information is taken ‘live’ from the site so uses the latest available data from Fingertips and displays it on this page. As a result, some comments on this page may relate to an earlier period of time until this page is next updated (see review dates at the end of this page).

Headlines

• Obesity can reduce life expectancy by up to ten years, and increases the risk of numerous diseases and medical conditions. It is the leading cause of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Excess weight can also reduce people’s prospects in life, as well as affecting their self-esteem and emotional wellbeing.
• Excess weight has also increased among children and young people, who are more likely to go onto become overweight and obese as adults.
• In 2022/23, it is estimated that seven in ten (70.5%) adults aged 18+ years in Hull are overweight or obese which is higher than England (64.0%).
• In the local Health and Wellbeing Survey conducted during 2019, 69.7% of adults (aged 16+ years) were are overweight or obese. This included just under one-third of adults who were obese (31%). It is estimated that 145,500 adults in Hull are overweight or obese including 64,850 people who are obese. From local Health and Wellbeing Surveys, the prevalence of overweight and obesity have increased by 10% from 62% in 2003 to 70% in 2019. However, the greatest increases occurred for obesity which increased by almost 50% from 22% in 2003 to 31% in 2019.
• Hull has a high density of fast food outlets which in part will be associated with the fact that Hull is a city and that the Hull local authority has tight boundaries. All of Hull residents live within a five minute drive of the nearest fast food outlet.
• The cost of being overweight and obese to society and the economy is estimated to be £27 billion per year.
• Hull has developed a whole-system approach to promoting a healthy weight which considers the multi-factorial drivers of overweight and obesity and involves transformative co-ordination action across a broad range of disciplines and stakeholders.

The Population Affected – Why Is It Important?

Obesity can reduce life expectancy by between three and ten years, depending on the severity of the obesity. Excess weight increases the risk of numerous daily problems and health conditions, and is the leading cause of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer, and alongside the ill health issues, it can reduce people’s prospects in life, affecting their ability to get and hold down work, their self-esteem and their underlying mental health. There are also increased complications in pregnancy such as gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia.

It is estimated that obesity is responsible for more than 30,000 premature deaths each year. On average, obesity deprives an individual of an extra nine years of life, preventing many individuals from reaching retirement age. In the future, obesity could overtake tobacco smoking as the biggest cause of preventable death.

It is difficult to estimate the total cost to society of overweight and obesity, and different cost estimates have been produced over time, but they do differ as some relate to the costs to government only, whereas other estimates include estimates relating to wider society including the economy. The definitions, criteria and assumptions will also differ too, but nevertheless they illustrate the huge cost of obesity to society.

The cost of being overweight and obese to society and the economy has been estimated to be £27 billion per year. The cost could increase to just under £50 billion in 2050 if obesity rates continue to rise. It is predicted that there will be 11 million more obese adults in the UK by 2030, with combined medical costs for treatment of associated diseases estimated to increase by up to £2 billion per year.

In the National Food Strategy: An Independent Review for Government published in 2019, it was stated that the government spends an estimated £18 billion (8% of all government healthcare expenditure) on conditions related to high body mass index every year. In 2019/20, there were just over one million hospital admissions where obesity was recorded as the primary or secondary diagnosis – a 17% increase on 2018/19. They state that the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development estimates that the combined costs of conditions related to a high body mass index, in lost workforce productivity, reduction in life expectancy and NHS funds, is £74 billion every year. This is equivalent to cutting the UK’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 3.4%.

Overweight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30kg/m², and obesity is defined as having a BMI of 30kg/m² (morbidly obese as 40kg/m² or more).

Levels of overweight and obesity are high, and have increased in the last two decades.

The Hull Picture

Prevalence of Excess Weight

Height and weight were asked within Hull’s Adult Health and Wellbeing Survey conducted during 2019. The measurements were adjusted slightly to account for the fact that people tend to overestimate their height and underestimate their weight. Body mass was then calculated and survey responders were divided into weight categories.

From the local Health and Wellbeing Survey 2019, 4.7% adults were underweight, 25.7% were a healthy weight, 38.6% overweight, 27.4% obese and a further 3.7% morbidly obese. This equates to around 9,750 adults aged 16+ years in Hull who are overweight, 53,600 who have a healthy weight, 80,650 who are overweight, 57,200 who are obese, and 7,650 who are morbidly obese. Thus it is estimated that around 145,500 adults in Hull are overweight or obese including 64,850 who are obese.

Overweight

Seven in ten adults were classified as overweight or obese (with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or more), with relatively small differences across the age groups except the youngest. The prevalence slightly lower among women (67.0%) compared to men (72.7%). There was a relatively small difference across the deprivation fifths, although the prevalence was slightly higher among people living in the least (72%) compared to most (68%) deprived fifth of areas of Hull.

From the Health Survey for England 2018, 1.7% were underweight, 35.1% a healthy weight, 34.3% overweight, 24.5% obese and 3.2% morbidly obese. Thus more people were underweight in Hull compared to the England average, which could be partly associated with the younger population in Hull, but there is a higher percentage of adults in Hull who are overweight and obese.

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips also present the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults aged 18+ years. These national estimates of excess weight come from the Active Lives Survey undertaken by Sport England. This survey has fewer than 500 survey responders in Hull, and due to the survey methodology it is possible that those that do take part are not representative of Hull’s general population. Hull’s Health and Wellbeing Survey conducted in 2019 had over 4,000 survey responders, and used quota sampling so that it is likely that the survey responders were much more representative of Hull’s population.

For 2022/23, the prevalence of excess weight in Hull (70.5%) was higher than the prevalence in England (64.0%).

In the local survey, the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity occurred in Orchard Park (79%), Boothferry (76%) and Derringham (73%). The prevalence in each ward will depend on the age structure and deprivation levels of the wards. Beverley and Newland ward had the lowest percentage and has a relatively young population as a relatively large percentage of the residents are students.

Obese

Almost one-third of people in the local survey were obese with the prevalence increasing with age to a peak among those aged 45-54 years before falling with age. In contrast to overweight, a higher percentage were obese in the most deprived areas of Hull compared to the least deprived areas. Almost four in ten people who were not working as they were looking after the home or family, or due to long-term illness or disability were classified as obese. Whilst men were more likely to have excessive weight (overweight and obesity combined), women were very slightly more likely to be obese (31.3% versus 30.8%).

Residents of Marfleet (39%), Orchard Park (38%) and Boothferry (36%) were the most likely to be classified as obese.

Pregnant women were also more likely to be obese in Hull compared to England with three in ten women in Hull having a BMI 30kg/m² or more at their maternity booking appointment for 2018/19.

For 2018/19, the prevalence in Hull was the highest across the Yorkshire and Humber region.

Morbidly Obese

In the local Health and Wellbeing Survey 2019, the prevalence of morbidly obese was 3.7% overall, being higher among women compared to men, and highest among those aged 35-64 years. The prevalence was considerably higher among people living in the most deprived areas of Hull, and people who were not working due to long-term illness and disability. Again, whilst men were more likely to have excessive weight (overweight and obesity combined), women were very slightly more likely to be morbidly obese (4.2% versus 3.0%).

The prevalence of those classified as morbidly obese was highest in Marfleet (6.6%), St Andrew’s & Docklands (5.5%) and Orchard Park (5.1%).

Trends Over Time

During the period 2003 to 2014 using information from different local surveys conducted over time, there was a shift from overweight to obese. The percentage in the overweight and obese combined category had increased slightly but the percentage in the overweight alone category had fallen, so the increase in prevalence had mainly come from an increase in the percentage who were obese. However, in the latest period from 2014 to 2019, there has been both an increase in the prevalence of overweight (increasing from 37% to 39%) and the prevalence of obesity (increasing from 26% to 31%), thus a considerable increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined (increasing from 64% to 70%). So the greatest increases have occurred in the last five years.

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips also present the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults. The percentage was just over 70% for 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19, but fell slightly to 64% for 2019/20. However, it increased to 70.7% for 2020/21 and to 71.7% in 2021/22. There has been a slight decrease in the last year to 70.5% for 2022/23. As mentioned above, due to the way the Active Lives Survey is conducted and the small number of Hull people who participate in this survey, the survey responders might not be representative of Hull’s overall population. This might explain why there is more variability in the prevalence of excess weight for Hull.

Over the period 2015/16 to 2021/22, the prevalence of excess weight among adults has increased across the region and increased every year in England.

Perceptions of Obesity

Local qualitative work revealed a difference between clinical definitions and perceptions of obesity: “You don’t see loads of fat people wandering around”.

Density of Fast Food Outlets and Leisure Facilities

Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards Index

The Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards (AHAH) index is designed to allow policy and decision makers to understand which areas have poor environments for health, and to help move away from treating features of the environment in isolation.

The Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards index is comprised of four domains: access to retail services (fast food outlets, gambling outlets, pubs/bars/nightclubs, off licences, tobacconists), access to health services (GP surgeries, A&E hospitals, pharmacies, dentists and leisure centres), the physical environment (green and blue spaces) and levels of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter smaller than 10 microns (PM₁₀) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂)).

In 2024, the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards Index is very high in Hull with 44.7% of Hull’s population residing in the bottom fifth of areas nationally in relation to the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards Index. The percentage nationally is 20.9% and across the other 14 lower tier local authorities in the region the range is from 1.3% to 32.6%.

Despite the very high levels in Hull, the index has decreased considerably since 2016 when nine in ten residents lived in the worst fifth of areas of England in relation to the index, although there was a large decrease between 2016 and 2017 to 46% with only relatively minor changes to 2022 and 2023.

In 2024, it is estimated that 120,220 residents in Hull live within areas defined as the bottom fifth of areas nationally based on the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards Index.

Information relating to version 4 of the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards index is available at lower layer super output area geographical level. There are 33,755 lower layer super output areas in England, and the percentile score has been calculated for each of the 168 lower layer super output areas in Hull. The index was updated in July 2024, and information on the individual components is available which includes drive times to the nearest fast food outlet and drive times to the nearest leisure centre.

Information on the other indicators is available under Geographical Area under Place.

Density and Drive Times to Nearest Fast Food Outlet

Participants of the local qualitative work also mentioned the preponderance of fast food outlets in Hull which is confirmed by figures for 2014 on Fingertips. The rates are given as fast food outlets per 100,000 population, and whilst this information has not been updated it does compare Hull with other local authorities, and more recent information is included below from the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards index.

In 2014, Hull had the highest density of fast food outlets across the Yorkshire and Humber region.

Whilst the data is relatively old, it is still likely that the rates are high in Hull relative to other many local authorities in England and the region. This in part will be associated with Hull’s tight boundaries and the fact that it is a city. More rural places will have a much lower density of fast food outlets.

The drive times to the nearest fast food outlet are low in Hull. Whilst not everyone in a city will have access to a car or van (35% of households in Hull compared to 23% of households in England), the map does illustrate the density of fast food outlets in Hull, and many people will likely be a relatively short walk away from the nearest outlet or be able to have fast food delivered directly to their home.

Drive Times to Nearest Leisure Centre

The majority of residents living around the city centre, to the south west of the city, and around the University are only a few minutes drive from the nearest leisure centre. Residents living on the north, north west and east boundaries of Hull have a slightly longer drive time, although all residents are within a nine minute drive of the nearest leisure centre.

Projection of People with Obesity

The Projecting Older People Population Information (POPPI) provided current estimates and future projections at local authority level of the number of people aged 65+ years with different health needs. The prevalence for different age groups and for males and females estimated from different surveys and research has been applied to current population estimates and population projections to provide estimates for each local authority.

Rates of obesity from the Health Survey for England 2018 are 31.6% for men and 32.8% for women aged 65-74 years (including 1.2% of men and 5.3% of women morbidly obese), and 28.4% of men and 27.8% of women aged 75+ years (including 0.7% of men and 2.7% of women morbidly obese).

The obesity prevalence estimates from Hull’s adult Health and Wellbeing Survey 2019 were 30.3% for men and 28.6% for women aged 65-74 years and 24.8% for men and 28.8% for women aged 75+ years. Using 2020 population estimates for Hull, this would give an estimated 11,226 people who are aged 65+ years who are obese, slightly lower than those estimated by POPPI.

Applying these estimates to Hull’s population estimates, it is estimated that there are just over 12,000 people in Hull aged 65+ years who are obese, and with the ageing population this will increase to almost 15,000 by 2040. This assumes that the prevalence of obesity among these age and gender groups remains the same over time, but if the prevalence increases, then clearly the estimated number of people who are obese in Hull will increase even further.

Gender/age	2023	2025	2030	2035	2040
Males aged 65-69	1,864	1,928	2,180	2,054	1,896
Males aged 70-74	1,580	1,580	1,675	1,928	1,833
Males aged 75-79	1,164	1,221	1,164	1,278	1,448
Males aged 80-84	653	682	937	909	994
Males aged 85+	511	540	568	738	824
Males aged 65+	5,773	5,950	6,515	6,907	6,995
Females aged 65-69	2,066	2,165	2,362	2,230	2,034
Females aged 70-74	1,738	1,738	1,935	2,165	2,034
Females aged 75-79	1,283	1,367	1,283	1,451	1,618
Females aged 80-84	809	809	1,060	1,004	1,172
Females aged 85+	781	871	781	977	1,032
Females aged 65+	6,679	6,861	7,422	7,827	7,890
All persons aged 65+	12,452	12,811	13,946	14,734	14,884

Strategic Need and Service Provision

Obesity is a complex problem with many drivers including behaviour, the environment, genetics, and culture. It is necessary to provide a healthy food and drink environment, and to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behaviour.

Hull has developed a whole-system approach to promoting a healthy weight which considers the multi-factorial drivers of overweight and obesity and involves transformative co-ordinated action across a broad range of disciplines and stakeholders. This views actions and behaviours of individuals in the context of the continuum of their lives from pre-natal through to older ages, and the transition through various life stages and transition points. Also there is action to tackle the ‘obesogenic’ environment, and ensuring opens spaces and places to be active are accessible. Long term sustainable change will only be achieved through the active engagement of schools, communities, families and individuals.

Hull is recognised nationally as a bronze Sustainable Food City and is led locally by Hull Food Partnership.

Resources

Local Health and Wellbeing Surveys

NHS Digital. Health Survey for England: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/

Projecting Older People Population Information (POPPI). www.poppi.org.uk

Rayer M and Scarborough P. The burden of food related ill health in the UK. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2005;59:1054-1057.

Scarborough P, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe KK, Allender S, Foster C and Rayner M. The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 2006-07 NHS costs. Journal of Public Health, 2011;33(4):527-535.

Dimbleby H. National Food Strategy: An Independent Review for Government, 2019. https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/the-report/

Healthy Hull. Adult Tier 2 Weight Management Service. https://www.healthyhull.org.uk/

Updates

This page was last updated / checked on 8 November 2024.

This page is due to be updated / checked in March 2025.