Healthy Weight Among Children and Young People

This topic area covers statistics and information relating to healthy weight among children and young people in Hull including local strategic need and service provision. Further information relating to Healthy Weight among Adults is given under Lifestyle Factors within Adults. Information relating to wanting to lose or gain weight was collected in Hull’s Young People Health and Wellbeing Surveys, and height and weight was recorded in Hull’s Adult Health and Wellbeing Surveys, and full reports are available under Surveys within Tools and Resources.

This page contains information from the Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips. Information is taken ‘live’ from the site so uses the latest available data from Fingertips and displays it on this page. As a result, some comments on this page may relate to an earlier period of time until this page is next updated (see review dates at the end of this page).

Headlines

• Children’s height and weight are routinely measured as part of the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) during reception year (Year R – aged 4-5 years) and Year 6 (aged 10-11 years) and has been since 2006/07 (except for 2020/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic).
• For the 2022/23 school year, the majority of Year R and Year 6 children in Hull were a healthy weight with just under three-quarters (74.0%) of Year R children and just under six in ten (58.6%) Year 6 children being a healthy weight.
• Among children in Year R for the 2022/23 school year, 25.4% were either living with overweight or obesity. This is a decrease compared to 2021/22 when it was 28.2%. The current prevalence is below pre-pandemic levels, but higher than England (21.3%).
• One in nine (11.5%) Year R pupils were living with obesity in 2022/23 (of which 3.1% were severely obese) which is a decrease on 2021/22 (14.5%). Overall, 13.8% were living with overweight (excluding obesity) in 2022/23 which was similar to 2021/22 (13.7%). The percentage of Year R pupils living with severe obesity decreased between 2021/22 to 2022/23 from 4.8% to 3.1%. Only 20 Year R children were underweight (0.7%) in 2022/23 which was similar to 2021/22 (0.9%).
• Among Year R children in the 2022/23 school year, 20 were classified as underweight and 2,275 as having a healthy weight, 425 children were living with overweight, 240 children were living with obesity and 95 children were living with severe obesity (in total 780 living with excess weight).
• Among Year 6 children, 40.4% were either living with overweight or obesity in 2022/23 compared to 42.7% in 2021/22. This remains above pre-pandemic levels, and is higher than England.
• Just over one-quarter (26.8%) of Year 6 children were living with obesity in 2022/23 (of which 7.5% were severely obese), and this was a decrease from 2021/22 (29.3%). Overall, 13.5% of Year 6 children were living with overweight (excluding obesity) which was relatively unchanged since 2021/22 (13.3%). The percentage of Year 6 pupils living with severe obesity decreased between 2021/22 to 2022/23 from 7.9% to 7.5%. Around 40 Year 6 children were underweight (1.2%) in 2022/23 which was reasonably consistent with previous years.
• Among Year 6 children in the 2022/23 school year, 40 were classified as underweight and 2,005 as having a healthy weight, 460 children were living with overweight, 660 children were living with obesity and 255 children were living with severe obesity (in total 1,380 living with excess weight).
• The prevalence of obesity and excess weight is relatively high in Hull compared to the other 150 upper-tier local authorities for both Year R (ranks 18 and 15 respectively) and Year R children (ranks 28 and 39 respectively).
• Across England, between 2021/22 and 2022/23, rates of obesity decreased from 10.1% to 9.2% among Year R pupils, and from 23.4% to 22.7% among Year 6 pupils. The rates nationally are now below pre-pandemic levels for Year R pupils but above pre-pandemic levels for Year 6 pupils.
• Across England, there was a strong association with deprivation with the percentage of children living with obesity much higher among children living in the most deprived fifth of areas of England compared to children living in the least deprived fifth of areas of England for both Year R children (12.4% versus 5.8%) and Year 6 children (30.2% versus 13.1%).
• A ‘paired analysis’ has been completed on 2,873 children who were measured in reception year in 2016/17 and their weight classifications were compared with their measurements six years later in Year 6 in 2022/23. There was a very strong association between weight in reception year and weight in Year 6. Children living with excess weight in reception year were much more likely to be living with excess weight in Year 6, and the likelihood was much higher among those living with obesity or severe obesity in reception year. Overall, half of children (52%) were a healthy weight in both reception year and Year 6, but one-fifth had moved from a healthy weight in reception year to living with excess weight in Year 6. A further 6.5% were living with excess weight in reception year but were a healthy weight in Year 6. One in five (20%) children were living with excess weight in both reception year and Year 6, and 9.4% of these children remained in the same excess weight category (overweight, obese or severe obesity), 2.2% had moved to a lower weight category in Year 6 but still had excess weight, and 8.9% had moved to a higher weight category in Year 6.
• Boys and children living in the most deprived three-fifths of areas of Hull were more likely to be living with excess weight or living with obesity in Year 6 even after taking into account their weight classification in reception year. Boys also had an increased likelihood of living with severe obesity in Year 6 after taking into account their reception year weight classification. However, children living in the most deprived areas of Hull had no increased risk of living with severe obesity in Year 6 (they may have had an increased risk compared to children living in the least deprived areas of Hull but this was because they had higher levels of excess weight in reception year – they had no increased risk above that).

The Population Affected – Why Is It Important?

There are certain risks associated with being underweight or overweight.

Children and adults who are underweight or have poor nutrition have an increased risk of malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, or anaemia, osteoporosis from too little vitamin D and calcium, decreased immune function, fertility issues caused by irregular menstrual cycles, and growth and development issues, especially in children and teenagers.

Excess weight in childhood is a significant health issue for children, young people, and their families. It can have serious implications for the physical and mental health of a child, which can then follow into adulthood. Children and young people who are living with excess weight are more likely to become adults with excess weight.

Excess weight among adults can reduce life expectancy by between three and ten years, depending on the severity of the obesity. Excess weight increases the risk of numerous daily problems and health conditions as well as increased complications within pregnancy. Excess weight can cause health issues and increase physical inactivity, but also can affect self-esteem and underlying mental health. In children and young people, it could increase bullying and impact negatively on their education and ultimately their future employment prospects. The cost of being overweight and obese to society and the economy is estimated to be £27 billion per year. The cost could increase to just under £50 billion in 2050 if obesity rates continue to rise.

The burden of excess weight falls hardest on children from lower income families.

The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) has been running since the school year 2006/07. Virtually all children in reception year (Year R) aged 4-5 years of age and all children in the last year of primary school (in Year 6) aged 10-11 years have their height and weight measured. The programme was affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. For England overall, participation rates are normally around 95%, but was 75% for the 2019/20 school year as schools closed in March 2020. Analysis revealed that figures for 2019/20 were comparable to previous years at national and regional levels. Local authority rates for 2019/20 were not as robust, and some estimates were unreliable. Hull was one of the local authorities not affected as all children in Hull had already been measured by March 2020. In 2020/21, local authorities were asked to collect a representative 10% sample because it was not feasible to expect a full NCMP collection so late into the academic year. This enabled national and regional estimates of children’s weight to be published, but no information at local authority level. The collection for 2021/22 was not affected, although the response rate in 2021/22 at 92% overall was slightly lower than pre-pandemic levels.

Given that children of different ages and genders grow and develop at different rates, the method used to define weight classification in UK children differs to the methods used for adults. The body mass index (BMI) is still used for children which is calculated as weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in metres), but the BMI value is compared to reference sample measurements gathered in 1990 which takes into consideration age and gender (Cole and Freeman). These are referred to as UK 1990 growth reference charts.

• Underweight is based being lower than the 2nd centile (bottom 2% in 1990).
• Healthy weight as between the 2nd centile and less than the 85th centile (83% of population in 1990).
• Overweight as on or above the 85th centile (15% of population in 1990).
• Living with obesity as on or above the 95th centile (5% of population in 1990).
• Living with severe obesity as on or above the 99.6th centile (0.4% of population in 1990).

These thresholds are lower than clinical thresholds as these thresholds are used for monitoring at the population level and include more children who are within the ‘at risk’ of moving into the excess weight categories with the intention being that the ‘at risk’ cohort is known and can potentially have interventions to reduce their body mass index centile.

The Hull Picture

Prevalence Estimates of Excess Weight

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips presents the percentage of children living with being underweight, a healthy weight, overweight, obesity and severe obesity as well as excess weight among children aged 4-5 years in reception year (Year R), and aged 10-11 years in Year 6 from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) based on the local authority of where that child lives.

During 2022/23, one-quarter of children in Year R in Hull are living with excess weight including 11.5% who were classified as obese (which included 3.1% who were classified as severely obese).

In Hull, four in ten Year 6 children are living with excess weight including just over one-quarter who were classified as obese (which included 7.5% who were classified as severely obese).

The prevalence of the BMI categories is illustrated in graphical form below for Hull for 2022/23 comparing Year R and Year 6 children.

Trends Over Time

As mentioned earlier, all children were not measured 2020/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and only a 10% sample was collected so the trends nationally could be reported. Between 2019/20 and 2020/21, the prevalence of excess weight among Year R children across England increased from 23.0% to 27.7% with a fall back to 22.3% in 2021/22 and to 21.3% in 2022/23. A very similar pattern was observed among Year 6 children where 35.2% were classified as living with excess weight in 2019/20 which increased to 40.9% in 2020/21 before falling back to 37.8% in 2021/22 and to 36.6% in 2022/23. Across England, it was also noted that the increases in the prevalence were much greater among areas of high deprivation. Thus it is likely that the prevalence of excess weight increased in Hull considerably between 2019/20 and 2020/21. It is also reasonable to assume that these affects would be present among younger children too, which would potentially impact on the prevalence for future years. This would mean that any change in the prevalence in Hull needed to be greater than England to achieve pre-pandemic levels.

Year R (Aged 4-5 Years)

The total number of children in reception year who are underweight is small so it would be expected that there was some year-on-year variability in the percentage over time, although the percentage remained relatively steady at 0.5% and 0.6% between 2014/15 to 2019/20. The percentage has been slightly higher for the latest two school years being 0.9% in 2021/22 and 0.7% in 2022/23.

The percentage of Year R children in Hull who are classified as being underweight has been consistently lower than in the region and England.

There were 20 Hull children in Year R who were classified as being underweight for the 2022/23 school year.

The percentage of Year R children in Hull who are classified as being a healthy weight has been consistently lower than in the region and England. The percentage in Hull was 4% lower than England in 2006/07 and remained around that level for a number of years, although the gap between Hull and England increased for 2015/16 when the percentage in Hull was 7% and the difference remained at this level or increased to 2021/22. For the latest year 2022/23, the difference between Hull and England has reduced in that the gap is now 3.5 percentage points or 5%.

There were 2,275 children in Year R who were classified as being a healthy weight for the 2022/23 school year.

The percentage of Year R children in Hull who are living with excess weight (excluding those living with obesity) has been consistently higher than in the region and England.

There was a relatively high percentage for both Hull and England in 2019/20, but the percentage overweight has decreased in 2021/22 with a 0.1 percentage increase in the prevalence for both Hull and England between 2021/22 and 2022/23,

In the last decade, the prevalence in Hull is 10% lower than the peak of 15.4% observed for the 2015/16, 2018/19 and 2019/20 school years. The peak over the last decade in England (13.1%) is lower than the latest prevalence for Hull, and the prevalence for England is currently 7% lower than this peak.

There were 425 Year R children who were living with excess weight in 2022/23 (not including those living with obesity).

A similar pattern occurred for the prevalence of obesity in Year R children as healthy weight but with the pattern reversed. The prevalence in Hull has been consistently higher than England with a larger difference between Hull and England since 2015/16. The prevalence in Hull decreased between 2021/22 and 2022/23 from 14.5% to 11.5% representing a difference of three percentage points or a difference of 21%. A lower decrease (9%) occurred for England over the last year.

The prevalence of obesity in Hull among Year R children is 2.3 percentage points or 25% higher than England.

There were 355 Year R children who were living with obesity in 2022/23.

The prevalence of severe obesity in Year R was around 3% between 2006/07 and 2015/16, but has increased since then to a peak of 4.8% in 2021/22. The prevalence decreased markedly in the latest year 2022/23 to 3.1%.

There had also been a steady increase in the prevalence nationally although the rate of increase was much lower, and there has also been a decrease nationally between 2021/22 and 2022/23.

There were 95 Year R children who were living with severe obesity in 2022/23.

The prevalence of excess weight in Year R children follows a similar pattern as the prevalence of obesity. The prevalence in Hull has been consistently higher than England since 2006/07, but the difference between Hull and England increased for the 2015/16 school year and the inequalities gap remained high. The prevalence in Hull has increased over time and reached a peak of 29.2% in 2018/19. The prevalence in Hull decreased slightly between 2018/19 and 2021/22 with a larger decrease for the latest period between 2021/22 and 2022/23. The pattern nationally has been reasonably similar to the trends for Hull although smaller year-on-year changes.

There were 780 Year R children who were living with excess weight in 2022/23 which represents a considerably reduction from 825 in 2021/22.

Year 6 (Aged 10-11 Years)

The prevalence of Year 6 children who are classified as underweight has been relatively variable over time ranging from 0.5% to 1.2% although the highest prevalence estimates have occurred in the last six years with the prevalence 1% or higher.

In the 2022/23 school year, there were 40 Year 6 children in Hull who were classified as underweight which is the highest since NCMP began in 2006/07.

The majority of Year 6 children in Hull are a healthy weight (just over six in ten children) although the percentage reduced to below 60% for the first time in 2021/22. The percentage increased in 2022/23, but is the second lowest – at 58.6% – since NCMP began.

The percentage in Hull has been consistently lower than England and the region, and there was also a similar pattern in the last two years although the changes in prevalence were both greater in Hull (both the decrease from 2019/20 to 2021/22 and the increase from 2021/22 to 2022/23).

In 2022/23, there were 2,005 Year 6 children who were classified as having a healthy weight.

A similar percentage of Year 6 children are living with excess weight (excluding obesity) in Hull compared to England, and this has been relatively consistent between 2006/07 and 2022/23.

In the 2022/23 school year, there were 460 Year 6 children who were living with excess weight (not including those living with obesity).

There was a steady increase in the prevalence of Year 6 children living with obesity for both Hull and England between 2006/07 and 2019/20 although the prevalence in Hull has been statistically significantly higher than England for all years except 2013/14.

Between 2019/20 and 2021/22, there was an sharper increase in the prevalence for England and a much sharper increase for Hull, although the prevalence decreased for both Hull and England in the latest period.

For the 2022/23 school year, the percentage of Year 6 children living with obesity is the second highest since NCMP began in 2006/07 for both Hull and England. Whilst the increase in 2021/22 post-pandemic was greater than the expected given recent trends, the prevalence in 2022/23 appears to simply continue pre-pandemic trends having shown a similar proportionate increase to that observed between 2006/07 and 2019/20.

In the 2022/23 school year, there were 915 Year 6 children who were living with obesity.

A very similar trend over time occurred for severe obesity as for obesity, although there was more year-on-year variability in Hull, and it appears that the latest prevalence estimate is slightly than expected given the pre-pandemic trajectory.

The prevalence in 2022/23 is the second highest since NCMP began with 7.5% of Year 6 children in Hull living with severe obesity. The prevalence in the last two years is almost twice as high as the prevalence in 2006/07 when it was 3.9%.

In the 2022/23 school year, in Hull, there were 255 Year 6 children who were living with severe obesity.

The prevalence of excess weight in Year 6 for Hull has increased from 37.6% (2019/20) to a new high of 42.7% in 2021/22, the highest observed since the NCMP began. This is a much greater rate of increase from pre-pandemic levels than seen nationally and the inequality gap between Hull and England is at its highest level in 2021/22, at 4.9 percentage points. Whilst the prevalence deceased in Hull to 38.7% and the inequalities gap reduced to 3.8 percentage points for the 2022/23 school year, the prevalence in Hull is remains statistically significantly higher than England being around 10% higher than England.

In the 2022/23 school year, there were 1,380 Year 6 children who were living with excess weight in Hull. Even though the prevalence estimates reduced in Hull between 2021/22 and 2022/23, the total numbers are the highest they have been since NCMP began in 2006/07.

The prevalence of overweight is relatively similar to England, and it is the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity that is higher in Hull and that contributes to the difference between Hull and England in terms of the inequalities gap relating to excess weight.

Geographical Spread Across Hull’s Wards

It is possible to examine the prevalence of excess weight and obesity for each ward in Hull. Information below is presented for three years combined for the period 2019/20 to 2022/23 (as data for 2020/21 is not included due to low numbers measured during the COVID19 pandemic).

Year R – Obesity 2019/20 to 2022/23 combined

The percentage of reception year children who were obese varied across Hull’s 21 wards from 10.1% (West Carr ward) to 17.7% (University ward) over the three year period 2019/20 to 2022/23.

Year R – Excess Weight 2019/20 to 2022/23 combined

Similarly, the percentage of Year R children with excess weight (overweight or obese) varied across Hull’s 21 wards from 23.3% (Holderness ward) to 32.9% (University ward) over the three year period 2019/20 to 202/23.

Year 6 – Obesity 2019/20 to 2022/23 combined

The percentage of Year 6 children who were obese varied across Hull’s 21 wards from 20.6% (Kingswood ward) to 34.3% (St. Andrew’s and Dockland ward) over the three year period 2019/20 to 2022/23.

Year 6 – Excess Weight 2019/20 to 2022/23 combined

The percentage of Year 6 children with excess weight (overweight or obese) varied across Hull’s 21 wards from 32.2% (Kingswood) to 47.8% (St. Andrew’s and Dockland) over the three year period 2019/20 to 2022/23.

Association Between Excess Weight Prevalence And Deprivation

Local analyses have been completed examining the data for the academic year 2022/23 by deprivation using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 dividing Hull into five groups from most deprived fifth to least deprived fifth within Hull. Nationally and locally, as in previous years, a strong positive relationship exists between deprivation and excess weight and obesity prevalence in both school years.

Excess Weight 2022/23

In Hull, children in both Year R and Year 6 are less likely to be overweight or obese if they live in the least deprived fifth of areas of Hull.

Obesity 2022/23

Children in both Year R and Year 6 are also less likely to be obese if they live in the least deprived fifth of areas of Hull.

Changes in Weight Classification Over Time Among Same Cohort of Children

It is also possible to examine the changes over time in the same children comparing a child’s weight classification in reception year aged 4-5 years with their weight classification measured six years later in Year 6 aged 10-11 years.

Such an analysis is often referred to as a ‘paired analysis’ as the two measurements on the same individuals are considered to be a pair in terms of data analysis. An analysis of such data is much more powerful compared to an analysis of unrelated or unpaired data, because one major element of random variation in any statistical model or data analysis is the difference in the two cohorts of individuals between two time points. For a paired analysis, the same individuals are measured between two time points, so the statistical variation of the individuals is considerably reduced.

In the dataset of reception year children relating to the 2016/17 school year, there were 3,584 non-duplicate records of which 3,549 (99.0%) had their height and weight measurements recorded, and 3,507 (98.8%) of these measured children lived in Hull. In the Year 6 dataset relating to the 2022/23 school year, there were 3,685 non-duplicate records of which 3,424 (92.9%) had their height and weight recorded, and 3,289 (96.1%) of these measured children lived in Hull. The percentage of children who were measured in Year 6 is considerably lower than reception year, and this is because there were a higher rate of parents and/or children who refused consent to be measured. This could be associated with the increased levels of excess weight in Year 6. Fewer of these children lived in Hull. The reason for this is not clear, but could be associated with children remaining at the same primary school throughout their primary education but moving house and moving into neighbouring East Riding of Yorkshire.

• Overall, 2,873 of these children were ‘matched’ on their NHS number and were therefore identified as the same children.
• A further 623 reception year children had measurements for reception year and not in Year 6. This could be because they did not attend a Hull school in Year 6, did not live in Hull in Year 6, or attended a Hull school in Year 6 but were not measured (e.g. absent on the day or permission to measure was refused).
• A further 416 Year 6 children had measurements for Year 6 but not for reception year. This could be because they did not attend a Hull school in their reception year, did not live in Hull in their reception year, or attended a Hull school in their reception year but were not measured.

It is possible to examine the changes over time in a number of ways, including examining the measurements in reception year and presenting the measurements in Year 6 (looking forward – “what measurements did children in Year R have in Year 6”?) or examining the measurements in Year 6 and presenting the measurements in reception year (looking back – “what measurements did the Year 6 children have in Year R”?).

All Children

Firstly, if we examine the weight classifications in reception year and present the distribution of the weight classifications in Year 6 (looking forward). Half of all children were a healthy weight in both reception year and Year 6, although this differed slightly between the boys and girls with 48.9% of boys and 54.8% of girls in the healthy weight category for both school years. One-fifth of all children were living with excess weight in both school years and a further quarter were living with excess weight in either reception year or Year 6.

It can be seen above that a number of children changed weight classification between reception year and Year 6. This change is illustrated more clearly below which shows the percentage of children who were underweight, a healthy weight or living with excess weight in Year 6 for each of the weight classifications in reception year.

• All children who were underweight in reception year were either underweight in Year 6 or were a healthy weight in Year 6, with the majority (82%) being a healthy weight in Year 6.
• Of the children who were a healthy weight in reception year, a very small percentage were underweight in Year 6, seven in ten remained a healthy weight in Year 6, but the remainder were living with excess weight in Year 6.
• Just over one-third (36%) of the children who were overweight in reception were a healthy weight in Year 6, but 19% remained in the overweight group and 44% were living with obesity in Year 6 (including 13% who were living with severe obesity).
• Overall, 28% of of the children who were living with obesity in reception year reduced their weight in Year 6 (12% to a healthy weight and 15% to overweight), but seven in ten (72%) were still living with obesity in Year 6 including 26% who had increased their weight classification and were living with severe obesity.
• Almost three-quarters (73%) of children who were living with severe obesity in reception year were still living with severe obesity in Year 6. A further 22% had reduced their weight classification but were still living with obesity in Year 6. Relatively few reduced their weight classification and were a healthy weight or overweight in Year 6.

Whilst it is clear there is a strong association between excess weight in reception year and Year 6, there is also a great deal of variation. It is clear that it would be difficult to ‘predict’ with a good degree of accuracy, the weight classification in Year 6 based on the weight classification in reception year.

Secondly, we examine the weight classifications in Year 6 and present the distribution of the weight classifications in reception year (looking backwards). It can be seen that a very high number of children who were a healthy weight in Year 6 had been a healthy weight in reception year, and that the majority of children who were living with excess weight in Year 6 had also been a healthy weight in reception year, with the exception of children who were living with severe obesity in Year 6.

The percentage of children who were underweight, a healthy weight, overweight or were living with excess with obesity or severe obesity in reception year are given below for each weight classification in Year 6.

• Almost nine in ten of Year 6 children who were either underweight or a healthy weight in Year 6 had been a healthy weight in their reception year. Around one in ten children who were a healthy weight in Year 6 had been overweight or living with excess weight in reception year.
• Among those who were overweight in Year 6, two-thirds had been a healthy weight in their reception year, but 21% had been overweight and more than 10% had been living with excess weight in their reception year.
• Far fewer children who are living with obesity in Year 6 had been a healthy weight in their reception year (50% of those who were living with obesity in Year 6 and only 16% of those who were living with severe obesity in Year 6).

Again, the strong association between excess weight in reception year and Year 6 is clear. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, it would be difficult to predict the weight classification in one school year if the weight classification in the other school year was known. Even in the children who were living with severe obesity in Year 6, there is considerable variation in their weight classifications in reception year as they are relatively evenly split between the three weight classifications of (1) living with severe obesity, (2) living with obesity, and (3) overweight or healthy weight.

There were considerable variation in the weight classifications for some individuals. However, it is possible that a relatively small change in the body mass index centile could result in a change in weight category. For instance, more than three-quarters (77%) of all children who were overweight in their reception year and were living with excess weight in Year 6 had only increased their body mass index centile by less than 0.1, and over half (57%) of reception year children who were overweight and were living with severe obesity in Year 6 had increased their body mass index centile by less than 0.1.

There is less ‘scope’ to change the body mass index for the some weight classifications as there is less than 0.1 difference in the centile between categories, for instance, the centile for defining obesity is 95% and the centile for defining severe obesity is 99.6% so all individuals moving from one category to the other category will only move less than 0.1 in terms of the change in the centile. Similarly, larger changes in weight classification, the child must have moved more than 0.1 in terms of the change in the centile, for instance, moving from severe obesity (99.6% centile or above) to a healthy weight (2% to 85% centile) must have changed by more than 0.1 in terms of the change in their centile.

Whilst there were some substantial changes in individual children’s body mass indices over the six year period, the majority (62%) of centiles changed by less than +/- 0.2. Among those that did change by less than +/- 0.1, slightly more increased their body mass index centile between reception year and Year 6 than those who reduced it (20.8% versus 17.4%). This was also the case for changes greater than +/- 0.1 but less than +/- 0.2 with 12.6% increasing their body mass centile compared to 10.8% reducing it over the six year period. For those children with larger changes in their body mass index centile, the picture was a bit more mixed, but overall there was also more children who increased their body mass index centile compared to those who reduced it (19.9% versus 18.6%).

As depicted above, few children changed their body mass index centile by +/- 0.5 or more (179 children; 6.2%), with the majority changing by +/- 0.2 or less.

Degree of change	Number	Percentage
+/- 0.9 to 1.0	5	0.2
+/- 0.8 to 0.9	10	0.3
+/- 0.7 to 0.8	17	0.6
+/- 0.6 to 0.7	49	1.7
+/- 0.5 to 0.6	98	3.4
+/- 0.4 to 0.5	171	6.0
+/- 0.3 to 0.4	279	9.7
+/- 0.2 to 0.3	476	16.6
+/- 0.1 to 0.2	671	23.4
+/- 0.0 to 0.1	1,097	38.2

However, interestingly, whilst the majority (53.2%) of all children increased their body mass index centile between reception year and Year 6, there was a difference between different subgroups. Among the subset of children who remained in the same weight classification in reception year and Year 6, 60.5% had a lower centile in Year 6 and 39.5% had an increased centile in Year 6. Among children who were a healthy weight in both reception year and Year 6, 62.6% had reduced their body mass centile (thus 37.4% had increased it), but among children who had excess weight in both reception year and Year 6, only 32.8% had reduced their body mass index centile (thus 67.2% had increased it). Some of this might be an artefact of the changes necessary in the centile for a weight classification to change, but it does imply – together with the other changes mentioned above – that children who are already living with excess weight in reception year are more likely to have a higher weight classification in Year 6 compared to children who were a healthy weight in their reception year.

This is further highlighted in the table below which summarises the changes in weight classification. The children who had the same weight classification both in reception year and in Year 6 have also been split into those who reduced their body mass index centile and those who increased their body mass index centile.

Change from Year R to Year 6	Number	Percentage
Underweight for both	2	0.1
Underweight to healthy weight	9	0.3
Underweight to excess weight	0	0.0
Healthy weight to underweight	29	1.0
Healthy weight for both	1,488	51.8
……………reduced body mass index centile	932	32.4
……………increased body mass index centile	556	19.4
Healthy weight to overweight	260	9.0
Healthy weight to obese	271	9.4
Healthy weight to severe obesity	37	1.3
Overweight to underweight	1	0.0
Overweight to healthy weight	152	5.3
Overweight for both	82	2.9
……………reduced body mass index centile	33	1.1
……………increased body mass index centile	49	1.7
Overweight to obese	135	4.7
Overweight to severe obesity	53	1.8
Obese to underweight	1	0.0
Obese to healthy weight	32	1.1
Obese for both	120	4.2
……………reduced body mass index centile	43	1.5
……………increased body mass index centile	77	2.7
Obese to severe obesity	69	2.4
Severe obesity to underweight	0	0.0
Severe obesity to healthy weight	3	0.1
Severe obesity to overweight	2	0.1
Severe obesity to obese	20	0.7
Severe obesity for both	67	2.3
……………reduced body mass index centile	55	1.9
……………increased body mass index centile	12	0.4
Total	2,873	100.0

These changes can be summarised by grouping overweight and living with obesity and severe obesity into a single excess weight category.

Change from Year R to Year 6	Number	Percentage
Underweight for both	2	0.1
Underweight to healthy weight	9	0.3
Underweight to excess weight	0	0.0
Healthy weight to underweight	29	1.0
Healthy weight for both	1,488	51.8
……………reduced body mass index centile	932	32.4
……………increased body mass index centile	556	19.4
Healthy weight to excess weight	568	19.8
Excess weight to underweight	2	0.1
Excess weight to healthy weight	187	6.5
Excess weight for both	269	9.4
Excess weight for both (bur reduced centile)	62	2.2
Excess weight for both (but increased centile)	257	8.9
Total	2,873	100.0

By Gender

As expected, given the differences between boys and girls mentioned above, there were also differences in the prevalence of excess weight in this subset of children who had been measured in both 2016/17 and 2022/23.

Weight classification	Males Year R 2016/17	Males Year 6 2022/23	Females Year R 2016/17	Females Year 6 2022/23
Underweight	0.5	1.0	0.2	1.3
Healthy weight	71.8	55.9	73.4	61.5
Overweight	14.8	12.9	14.6	13.9
Living with obesity	9.8	21.2	8.4	16.6
Living with severe obesity	3.1	9.0	3.4	6.7
Living with excess weight	27.7	43.1	26.4	37.2

Examining the proportionate change in prevalence of the weight classifications between boys and girls, it is apparent that there is a larger shift towards excess weight among boys compared to girls, and this is also shown when the changes in weight classifications are summarised.

Among those children who were living with excess weight in reception year, there were no substantial differences between boys and girls in the percentages who increased their body mass index centile (13.9% versus 13.6%), and slightly more boys who were living with excess weight in reception year reduced their body mass index centile in Year 6 (13.8% versus 12.8%). The main reason why a higher percentage of boys were living with excess weight in Year 6 (and a higher proportionate increase in prevalence – relative to the prevalence in reception year – for boys) was associated with the difference in the percentages who had a healthy weight in reception year but were living with excess weight in Year 6. More than one-fifth of boys (21.9%) had a healthy weight in reception year but were living with excess weight in Year 6 compared to 17.5% of girls. As a result, fewer boys were a healthy weight for both reception year and Year 6 compared to girls (48.9% versus 54.8%).

Change from Year R to Year 6	Boys (%)	Girls (%)
Underweight for both	0.1	0.0
Underweight to healthy weight	0.4	0.2
Underweight to excess weight	0.0	0.0
Healthy weight to underweight	0.9	1.1
Healthy weight for both	48.9	54.8
……………reduced body mass index centile	29.2	35.9
……………increased body mass index centile	19.8	18.9
Healthy weight to excess weight	21.9	17.5
Excess weight to underweight	0.0	0.1
Excess weight to healthy weight	6.5	6.5
Excess weight for both	21.2	19.7
……………reduced body mass index centile	7.3	6.1
……………increased body mass index centile	13.9	13.6

By Local Deprivation Fifth

The prevalence across the weight classifications within this subset of children with measurements in both 2016/17 and 2022/23 can be examined in relation to the lower layer super output area they live within. Each lower layer super output area has been assigned an Index of Multiple Deprivation score and can be classified as ranging from the ‘most deprived fifth of areas of Hull’ to the ‘least deprived fifth of areas of Hull’ (see Index of Multiple Deprivation for more information).

The weight classifications in reception year are presented and show higher levels of excess weight among children living in the most deprived areas of Hull. The prevalence of excess weight among reception year children living in the most deprived two-fifths of areas of Hull are similar to each other, with the rates lower for children living in the middle fifth of deprived areas of Hull, and then considerable lower again for children living in the least deprived two-fifths of areas of Hull.

Weight classification in Year R (2016/17)	Most deprived	Second most	Middle fifth	Second least	Least deprived
Underweight	0.8	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.2
Healthy weight	69.2	68.8	72.3	77.9	78.5
Overweight	15.0	16.4	14.7	13.6	12.6
Living with obesity	11.2	10.1	8.9	6.7	7.0
Living with severe obesity	3.7	4.5	3.7	1.8	1.4
Living with excess weight	29.9	30.9	27.3	22.1	21.3

Higher levels of excess weight among children living in the most deprived areas of Hull are also evident among Year 6 children. A similar pattern across the deprivation fifths is present as noted for reception year, in that there are similar high rates for children living in the most deprived two-fifths of areas, lower rates for the middle fifth and lower rates again for children living in the least deprived two-fifths of areas of Hull. However, in the case of the Year 6 children, there appears to be slightly more difference between the most deprived and second most deprived fifths (indeed the second most deprived has the highest rates of excess weight) and between the second least and least deprived fifths (with higher rates of excess weight for the second least deprived).

Weight classification in Year 6 (2022/23)	Most deprived	Second most	Middle fifth	Second least	Least deprived
Underweight	1.2	0.8	0.8	1.6	1.4
Healthy weight	55.4	53.7	57.4	64.0	66.9
Overweight	14.5	13.8	12.8	13.4	11.5
Living with obesity	20.2	21.7	20.0	15.2	15.7
Living with severe obesity	8.7	9.9	8.9	5.8	4.5
Living with excess weight	43.4	45.5	41.7	34.7	31.7

As a result of the different prevalence of excess weight, there are different changes in weight classification and body mass index centile over the six years based on where the children live in Hull.

Far fewer children living in the most deprived areas of Hull were a healthy weight for both reception year and Year 6 compared to children living in the least deprived areas of Hull. There were higher percentages of children in the most deprived areas who had moved from a healthy weight in reception year to excess weight in Year 6 (20.3% for most deprived fifth versus 16.2% for least deprived fifth). Additionally, slightly more children who were an excess weight for both reception year and Year 6, increased their body mass index centile among children living in the most deprived areas (14.6% versus 11.5%).

Change from Year R to Year 6	Most deprived (%)	Second most (%)	Middle fifth (%)	Second least (%)	Least deprived (%)
Underweight for both	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
Underweight to healthy weight	0.7	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.0
Underweight to excess weight	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Healthy weight to underweight	0.9	0.7	0.8	1.6	1.2
Healthy weight for both	48.0	45.9	51.9	57.3	61.1
……………reduced body mass index centile	29.5	26.9	33.5	38.3	38.7
……………increased body mass index centile	18.4	19.0	18.4	19.0	22.5
Healthy weight to excess weight	20.3	22.2	19.6	19.0	16.2
Excess weight to underweight	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Excess weight to healthy weight	6.8	7.6	5.2	6.7	5.7
Excess weight for both	23.0	23.2	22.1	15.4	15.5
……………reduced body mass index centile	8.4	7.3	8.1	4.5	4.1
……………increased body mass index centile	14.6	15.9	14.0	11.0	11.5

Logistic Regression Model – Which Factors Predict Change?

Whilst it is very clear that children who were living with excess weight in reception year were much more likely to be living with excess weight in Year 6, particularly those children living with obesity and severe obesity, as mentioned above, it would difficult to ‘predict’ the weight classification in Year 6 with a good degree of accuracy simply based on weight classification in reception year alone as there is considerable variation among the individuals.

Regression is often used to attempt to predict a value based on different factors. The body mass index centiles are bounded in that they cannot extend beyond the range 0 to 1. So one of the most appropriate models is logistic regression where the predicted variable is binary which takes two values, for instance, yes or no.

In this circumstance, it is possible to generate multiple models depending on what is to be examined. For instance, the factor being predicted could be excess weight in Year 6 or it could be living with obesity (or severe obesity) in Year 6.

There were relatively few factors included in the dataset, only age, gender, local deprivation fifths and weight classifications. Age was taken into account already as the body mass index reference curves used age to calculate the body mass index centile for individual children.

However, it is possible to assess if gender, deprivation (local fifths or Index of Multiple Deprivation score) and weight classification (or body mass index centile) in reception year are statistically significant independent predictors of having excess weight (or living with obesity / severe obesity) in Year 6 or not using a logistic regression model.

The results from a logistic regression model are in the form of odds-ratios which give the increased (or decreased) odds (or likelihood) of a child having excess weight in Year 6 for one category compared to another (e.g. for a boy compared to a girl or for a one category change of the local deprivation fifths) or for a change in a continuous variable (e.g. for a change of 10 units or 30 units on the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 score). For example, if the odds-ratio was 1.13 for gender, then this would mean there is a 13% increase in the odds (or likelihood) of a boy having excess weight in Year 6 compared to a girl.

As there is random variation associated with such measurements, any estimates will differ (e.g. if using another cohort of children from another school year), the 95% confidence intervals are presented which gives a range of values where the true value will lie. Wide confidence intervals denote uncertainty in the size of the effects. Further information is available under Statistical Testing and Statistical Significance and under Confidence Interval within the Glossary.

Three models have been undertaken predicting excess weight, obesity and severe obesity. Statistical testing was undertaken to determine if the best model was to include deprivation and weight classification in Year R as categorical or continuous variables.

The real situation is known for all children (that is, we know if the child really did have excess weight, obesity or severe obesity in Year 6) so once the final model has been produced, it is possible to compare the results or accuracy of the model with the real situation to assess how good the model is. There are some formal statistical measures used to determine how good a test or model is at predicting a condition or disease.

• Sensitivity – percentage of people with condition correctly identified as such. If the person has the condition, what is the likelihood that the test will be positive?
• Specificity – percentage of people without the condition correctly identified as such. If the person does not have the condition, what is the likelihood that the test will be negative?
• Positive predictive value – percentage of people with a positive test result who have the condition. If the person has a positive test, what is the likelihood that they will have the condition?
• Negative predictive value – percentage of people with a negative test result who do not have the condition. If the person has a negative test, what is the likelihood that they will not have the condition?

The higher the values for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value the better. However, in practice, it is a compromise between these different statistical measures, and there are no values that are considered to make the test or model ‘good’. Often different tests can be compared, especially if the test is on a continuous scale and a cut-off value determines if the test is positive or negative (for instance, levels of a chemical in the blood). In most cases, it can be realised if the test is poor at prediction, but in many cases, determining if the test is good depends on the specific circumstances in relation to the test or model, condition or disease, and any implications of obtaining a positive or negative test result (i.e. if further tests, interventions or treatments are required). How good a test is – if it is used – also determines resource use in terms of further tests, interventions or treatments.

Further information can be found within Testing Diagnostics within the Glossary.

Predicting Excess Weight in Year 6

Gender, deprivation (two categories – comparing most deprived three-fifths of areas of Hull with least deprived two-fifths of areas of Hull) and the body mass index centile in reception year (continuous variable) were statistical significant independent predictors of whether or not a child had excess weight in Year 6 or not.

Boys had a 37% increase in odds of having excess weight in Year 6 compared to girls even after adjusting for their body mass index centile in reception year and where they lived in relation to local deprivation levels.

Children living in the most deprived three-fifths of areas of Hull had a 46% increase in odds of having excess weight in Year 6, after taking into account their gender and their body mass index centile in reception year.

After considering gender and local deprivation levels, a child with a body mass index centile in reception year 0.1 higher than another child had a 60% increase in odds of having excess weight in Year 6. Comparing two children with a difference of 0.3 in their body mass index centiles in reception year, the child with the higher body mass index centile would have a three-fold increase in the odds of excess weight. For a 0.6 difference in body mass index centile in reception year, there was a 16-fold increase in odds. To put this in context, underweight was classified as below the 2nd centile, healthy weight as the 2nd centile or above but lower than the 85th centile, overweight as on or above the 85th centile. Living with obesity as on or above the 95th centile, and severe obesity as on or above the 99.6th centile. So if we are comparing two children with a difference of 0.6 in their body mass index centile in reception year, this would mean we would be comparing a child with a body mass index centile of 0.2 (healthy weight but relatively low for their height, age and gender) with another child with a body mass index centile of 0.8 in their reception year (healthy weight but almost at the cut-off value for overweight), or two children with body mass index centiles in reception year of 0.36 (healthy weight but relatively low for their height, age and gender) to 0.96 (living with obesity). It has already been noted that the children who were living with obesity in reception year were much more likely to be living with obesity in Year 6 as well compared to a child who was a healthy weight in reception year. So this analysis confirms through a modelling the association, but allows us to quantify the associations and assess if factors are independent predictors or not.

Factor	Category / change	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Interpretation
Gender	Female	1.0	Reference category
	Male	1.37 (1.15 to 1.62)	37% increase in odds
Local deprivation fifth	Least deprived 40% of Hull	1.0	Reference category
	Most deprived 60% of Hull	1.46 (1.21 to 1.75)	46% increase in odds
Year R body mass index centile	0.1 increase	1.60 (1.05 to 2.42)	60% increase in odds
	0.2 increase	2.56 (1.69 to 3.88)	156% increase in odds
	0.3 increase	4.09 (2.70 to 6.20)	3-fold increase in odds
	0.4 increase	6.54 (4.31 to 9.91)	6-fold increase in odds
	0.5 increase	10.5 (6.90 to 15.9)	9-fold increase in odds
	0.6 increase	16.7 (11.0 to 25.4)	16-fold increase in odds
	0.7 increase	26.7 (17.6 to 40.5)	26-fold increase in odds
	0.8 increase	42.8 (28.2 to 64.8)	42-fold increase in odds

If the model was used to ‘predict’ which children would have excess weight in Year 6 then 63.2% of those with excess weight in Year 6 would be identified as such from the model (sensitivity), and 78.5% of those that did not have excess weight in Year 6 would be correctly identified as such from the model (specificity). Of all those ones identified as having excess weight in Year 6 model, 66.4% of them would really have excess weight in Year 6 (positive predictive value). Of all those ones identified as not having excess weight in Year 6 from the model, 76.1% of them would really not have excess weight in Year 6 (negative predictive value). Overall, 72.4% would be correctly identified in the model as either having excess weight in Year 6 or not having excess weight in Year 6.

This does mean that there is a relatively high ‘error’ rate with the model, and there would be considerable numbers of children having unnecessary interventions (370) or not receiving interventions they needed (424) if the model was used to ‘predict’ if a child was likely to have excess weight in Year 6 or not.

Classified from model	Excess weight in Year 6	No excess weight in Year 6	Total
Excess weight from model	732	370	1,102
No excess weight from model	424	1,347	1,771
Total	1,156	1,717	2,873

Predicting Obesity in Year 6

Gender, deprivation (two categories – comparing most deprived three-fifths of areas of Hull with least deprived two-fifths of areas of Hull) and the weight classification in reception year (four categories – underweight / healthy weight, overweight, obese and severe obesity) were statistical significant independent predictors of whether or not a child were living with obesity in Year 6 or not.

Boys had a 52% increase in odds of living with obesity in Year 6 compared to girls even after adjusting for their weight classification in reception year and where they lived in relation to local deprivation levels.

Children living in the most deprived three-fifths of areas of Hull had a 41% increase in odds of living with obesity in Year 6, after taking into account their gender and their weight classification in reception year.

After considering gender and local deprivation levels, a child with a weight classification in reception year one category higher than another child had a three-fold increase in odds of living with obesity in Year 6. This would represent a comparison of a child who was underweight or a healthy weight with a child who was overweight, or comparison of a child who was living with obesity with a child who was living with severe obesity.

A comparison of two children with a weight classification two categories different (for example, underweight / healthy weight compared to obesity, or overweight compared to severe obesity) resulted in a 16-fold increase in odds of living with obesity for the child in the higher weight classification compared to the lower weight classification in reception year. There was a 69-fold increase in odds of living with obesity for a three category difference in the reception year weight classification (that is, comparing a child who was underweight or healthy weight to a child who was living with severe obesity).

Factor	Category / change	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Interpretation
Gender	Female	1.0	Reference category
	Male	1.52 (1.26 to 1.85)	52% increase in odds
Local deprivation fifth	Least deprived 40% of Hull	1.0	Reference category
	Most deprived 60% of Hull	1.41 (1.14 to 1.74)	41% increase in odds
Year R weight classification	1-category increase	4.13 (3.64 to 4.69)	3-fold increase in odds
	2-category increase	17.0 (15.0 to 19.4)	16-fold increase in odds
	3-category increase	70.3 (61.9 to 79.9)	69-fold increase in odds

If the model was used to ‘predict’ which children would be living with obesity in Year 6 then 35.8% of those who were living with obesity in Year 6 would be identified as such from the model (sensitivity), and 96.3% of those who were not living with obesity in Year 6 would be correctly identified as such from the model (specificity). Of all those ones identified as living with obesity in Year 6 model, 78.0% of them would really be living with obesity in Year 6 (positive predictive value). Of all those ones identified as not living with obesity in Year 6 from the model, 80.3% of them would really not be living with obesity in Year 6 (negative predictive value). Overall, 80.0% would be correctly identified in the model as either living with obesity in Year 6 or not living with obesity in Year 6.

This does mean that there is a relatively high ‘error’ rate with the model, and there would be considerable numbers of children having unnecessary interventions (78) or not receiving interventions they needed (496) if the model was used to ‘predict’ if a child was likely to be living with obesity in Year 6 or not.

Classified from model	Obesity in Year 6	No obesity in Year 6	Total
Obesity from model	276	78	354
No obesity from model	496	2,023	2,519
Total	772	2,101	2,873

Predicting Severe Obesity in Year 6

Gender and the weight classification in reception year (four categories – underweight / healthy weight, overweight, obese and severe obesity) were statistical significant independent predictors of whether or not a child were living with severe obesity in Year 6 or not. Deprivation was not a significant independent predictor of severe obesity in Year 6. It is possible that children living in the more deprived areas of Hull were more likely to be living with severe obesity in Year 6 compared to children living in the least deprived areas of Hull, but this simply might be because they (generally) had higher levels of excess weight in their reception year.

After taking into account the weight classification in reception year, it does mean that there is no evidence that children living in the more deprived areas of Hull were at a greater risk of severe obesity in Year 6 (that is, an increased risk, over and above the levels ‘expected’ after taking into account their underlying weight in reception year).

Boys had a 52% increase in odds of living with severe obesity in Year 6 compared to girls even after adjusting for their weight classification in reception year.

After considering gender, a child with a weight classification in reception year one category higher than another child had a three-fold increase in odds of living with severe obesity in Year 6. This would represent a comparison of a child who was underweight or a healthy weight with a child who was overweight, or comparison of a child who was living with obesity with a child who was living with severe obesity.

A comparison of two children with a weight classification two categories different (for example, underweight / healthy weight compared to obesity, or overweight compared to severe obesity) resulted in a 16-fold increase in odds of living with severe obesity for the child in the higher weight classification compared to the lower weight classification in reception year. There was a 69-fold increase in odds of living with severe obesity in Year 6 for a three category difference in the reception year weight classification (that is, comparing a child who was underweight or healthy weight to a child who was living with severe obesity).

Factor	Category / change	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Interpretation
Gender	Female	1.0	Reference category
	Male	1.46 (1.06 to 2.02)	46% increase in odds
Year R weight classification	1-category increase	4.73 (4.05 to 5.54)4	3-fold increase in odds
	2-category increase	22.4 (19.2 to 26.2)	21-fold increase in odds
	3-category increase	106 (90.8 to 124)	105-fold increase in odds

If the model was used to ‘predict’ which children would be living with severe obesity in Year 6 then 29.7% of those who were living with severe obesity in Year 6 would be correctly identified as such from the model (sensitivity), and 99.1% of those who were not living with severe obesity in Year 6 would be correctly identified as such from the model (specificity). Of all those ones identified as living with severe obesity in Year 6 based on the model, 72.8% of them would really be living with severe obesity in Year 6 (positive predictive value). Of all those ones identified as not living with severe obesity in Year 6 from the model, 94.3% of them would really not be living with severe obesity in Year 6 (negative predictive value). Overall, 93.6% would be correctly identified in the model as either living with severe obesity in Year 6 or not living with severe obesity in Year 6.

Whilst the ‘error’ rate is relatively low with the model and the underlying prevalence is low, the sensitivity of the model is low with less than 30% of children with severe obesity in Year 6 correctly identified as such from the model. So whilst there would be relatively few children having unnecessary interventions (25), the majority of children who need interventions would not receive them (159) if the model was used to ‘predict’ if a child was likely to be living with severe obesity in Year 6 or not.

Classified from model	Severe obesity in Year 6	No severe obesity in Year 6	Total
Severe obesity from model	67	25	92
No severe obesity from model	159	2,622	2,781
Total	226	2,647	2,873

Modelling Summary

The modelling has shown that gender, deprivation and weight classification in reception year are strong independent predictors of excess weight and living with obesity in Year 6. It has also been found that deprivation is not an independent predictor of severe obesity in Year 6 after taking into account gender and weight classification in reception year.

It has been shown that the models are not particularly useful in terms of trying to ‘predict’ which children might have excess weight in Year 6 based on their gender, deprivation levels of where they live and their weight in reception year. Such modelling would result in a relatively high ‘error’ rate, and if the models were used then some children would get an unnecessary intervention (including worry and concern) and a relatively high percentage of children who not get an intervention which they needed.

Nevertheless, even though the model cannot be use for prediction, it is important to examine the factors in this way. It would have been entirely feasible that boys and children living in the most deprived areas of Hull had an increased risk of excess weight in Year 6 simply because they had a higher weight classification in reception year. However, this analysis has shown that, even after taking into account the weight classification in reception year, boys and children living in the most deprived areas of Hull have an increased risk of excess weight in Year 6. That is, over and above that risk already ‘anticipated’ due to their increased weight classification in Year 6.

So children in higher weight classifications and with higher body mass index centile values in reception year were much more likely to be living with excess weight in Year 6, but this increased risk was even more so among boys and children living in the most deprived areas of Hull.

Boys also have an increased risk of living with severe obesity in Year 6 compared to girls, after taking into account their weight classification in reception year. However, children living in the most deprived areas do not. Children living in the most deprived areas of Hull may have an increased risk of severe obesity in Year 6 compared to children living in the least deprived areas of Hull, but this is simply because children living in the most deprived areas of Hull have slightly weights in reception year.

Strategic Need and Service Provision

Obesity is a complex problem with many drivers including behaviour, the environment, genetics, and culture.

Hull has developed a whole-system approach to promoting a healthy weight which considers the multi-factorial drivers of overweight and obesity and involves transformative co-ordination action across a broad range of disciplines and stakeholders. This views actions and behaviours of individuals in the context of the continuum of their lives from pre-natal through to older ages, and the transition through various life stages and transition points. Also there is action to tackle the ‘obesogenic’ environment, and ensuring opens spaces and places to be active are accessible. Long term sustainable change will only be achieved through the active engagement of schools, communities, families and individuals alongside Government legislation and policy.

This whole system approach to childhood healthy weight which makes this complex issue everybody’s business and encourages everyone to take proactive action.

Some of these actions include:

• The Local Plan placing restrictions on the opening of new fast food outlets near secondary schools and recreational grounds.
• Tackling food insecurity and access to healthier foods through programmes such as healthy Holidays and the developing Hull Food Strategy.
• Investment in Family Hubs to support families to lead healthier lifestyles.
• Hull Culture and Leisure providing excellent sports facilities and parks where families can be active together.
• The voluntary and community sector providing activities such as healthy cooking programmes and physical activity opportunities.
• Engaging in national healthy lifestyle campaigns, such as Change 4 Life, and given them a local focus.

Resources

Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990.
Archives of Disease in Childhood 1995;73: 25‐9.

Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight,
height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized
likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 1998;17: 407‐29.

Freeman JV, Cole TJ, Chinn S, Jones PRM, White EM, Preece MA. Cross sectional
stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990. Archives of Disease in
Childhood 1995;73: 17‐24.

National Child Measurement Programme: National Child Measurement Programme, England, 2022/23 School Year. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-child-measurement-programme-england-202223-school-year

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips. https://fingertips.phe.org.uk

Updates

This page was last updated / checked on 11 June 2024.

This page is due to be updated / checked in November 2024.