Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy

This topic area covers statistics and information relating to life expectancy and healthy life expectancy including local strategic need and service provision. Further information relating to Causes of Death is given under Population, and further information relating to Stillbirth and Infant Mortality is given under Pregnancy, Infants and Early Years within Children and Young People. Further information on how life expectancy and healthy life expectancy are calculated is given within Life Expectancy within the Glossary.

This page contains information from the Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips. Information is taken ‘live’ from the site so uses the latest available data from Fingertips and displays it on this page. As a result, some comments on this page may relate to an earlier period of time until this page is next updated (see review dates at the end of this page).

Headlines

• Life expectancy at birth does not give the expected duration of life for a newborn; it gives a measure of expected life expectancy if the current age-specific mortality rates are applied throughout an entire lifetime, but of course, these are subject to changes over time. So, life expectancy gives an indication of the current health status of a population, rather than an expected duration of life. Life expectancy can be estimated at any age, and it is also common to estimate life expectancy at age 65 years. As contemporary morality rates will be more comparable to the actual mortality rates in the future over the next 15-20 years, life expectancy at age 65 years is more likely to represent a reasonable estimate of duration of life.
• Life expectancy at birth in Hull in 2021-23 was 75.3 years for men and 80.2 years for women. This compares with 79.1 years for men (a difference of 3.8 years) and 83.1 years for women (a difference of 2.9 years) for England.
• A relatively similar pattern over time occurred for men and women in Hull. Life expectancy at birth increased in Hull between 2001-03 and 2011-14, but then increases stalled, and decreased between 2011-14 and 2017-19 prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, life expectancy at birth increased throughout the entire period 2001-03 and 2017-19 across England although the increases were smaller more recently compared to the start of the century.
• In Hull, life expectancy decreased between 2017-19 to a recent low in 2020-22 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was particularly the case for men, and whilst there were decreases nationally, they were not as large as the decreases in Hull. Life expectancy increases in Hull (and across the region and England too) between 2020-22 and 2021-23 as the year 2020 was removed from the three-year moving average.
• Life expectancy in Hull for 2021-23 is similar to what it was 12-13 years ago (2008-10 for men and 2009-11 for women).
• For 2021-23, male healthy life expectancy is 54.3 years so it is estimated that men in Hull spend 21.0 years of their life not in ‘good’ health which represents 27.9% of their lives (17.6 years for England representing 22.2%). For women, healthy life expectancy was 54.6 years so it is estimated that women in Hull spend 25.6 years of their life not in ‘good’ health representing 31.9% of their lives (21.2 years for England representing 25.5%).
• From local calculations, life expectancy at birth for 2020-22 ranged from 69.6 years to 85.2 years for men across Hull’s 21 wards. Life expectancy was lowest in Central ward and highest in Kingswood ward. Among women, life expectancy at birth for 2020-22 ranged from 76.1 years in Marfleet to 86.2 years in Kingswood. A strong trend in life expectancy was evident across the local deprivation fifths. Life expectancy at birth for 2020-22 was 70.5 years for men and 76.5 years for females living in the most deprived fifth of areas of Hull compared to 80.1 years for men and 84.0 years for women living in the least deprived fifth of areas of Hull. The local inequalities gap was greater for men compared to women with a difference of 15.6 years across Hull’s wards and 9.6 years across Hull’s deprivation fifths for men and a difference of 10.1 years across Hull’s wards and 7.5 years across Hull’s deprivation fifths for women.
• Prior to the Office for National Statistics back-revising their population estimates, for 2020-21, there were 9.2 year and 7.4 year gaps in life expectancy between the most deprived and least deprived fifth of areas in Hull (69.9 versus 79.1 years for men and 76.1 versus 83.6 years for women). The largest contributions to this gap in life expectancy for men came from an excess deaths from circulatory disease (2.42 years), external causes (2.12 years), cancer (1.51 years), respiratory disease (1.01 years) and COVID-19 (0.80 years). For women, the causes that contributed the most to the gap in life expectancy between the most and least deprived fifth of areas of Hull were cancer (1.56 years), circulatory disease (1.41 years), respiratory disease (1.20 years), mental and behavioural disorders (0.82 years) and external causes (0.70 years).
• Life expectancy at age 65 years and healthy life expectancy (years in ‘good’ health) at birth and at age 65 years are also lower in Hull. People in Hull live more of their lives not in ‘good’ health. It is estimated that men in Hull who are aged 65 years will spend 8.9 years of their estimated remaining 16.7 years not in good health which represents 53% of their remaining life (compared to 8.6 years for England equating to 46% of their remaining life). For women aged 65 years, it is estimated they will spend 10.5 years of their estimated remaining 19.1 years not in good health which represents 55% of their remaining life (compared to 9.9 years for England equating to 47% of their remaining life).
• As well as the national inequalities gap between Hull and England increasing over time, the local inequalities gap between people living in the most and least deprived areas of Hull has also increased over time. The difference in the national and local inequalities gap is larger for men compared to women.
• People in Hull are dying earlier than they should and there are wide inequalities / differences in life expectancy both between Hull and England, and within Hull.
• From the A Matter of Life and Death report, “Social and economic conditions such as poverty, poor-quality housing, low-paid or unstable jobs all impact people’s physical and mental health. These ‘wider determinants of health’ are harming health and cutting lives short.”

The Population Affected – Why Is It Important?

Life expectancy at birth is used to assess health improvements over time, as well as differences in health between different groups, whether comparing different geographical areas, such as wards or local authorities; comparing between groups defined by deprivation status; or looking at different time periods within the same geographical area.

Life expectancy at birth does not give the expected duration of life for a newborn; it gives a measure of expected life expectancy if the current age-specific mortality rates are applied throughout an entire lifetime, but of course, these are subject to changes over time. So, life expectancy gives an indication of the current health status of a population, rather than an expected duration of life.

It is calculated from the mid-year population estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics, and the number of deaths that were registered in the respective year (not based on the year of the death occurrence). It is generally presented as a rolling average over three years to help reduce the impact on year-on-year variability.

Life expectancy can also be calculated for other ages, for instance, life expectancy at age 65 years is often reported. This will be more of a measure of the expectation of life as it is likely that the age-specific mortality rates over the next 15-20 years will be similar to the current age-specific mortality rates (assuming nothing dramatic happens to the current mortality rates such as a change due to a war, pandemic, miraculous medical intervention, etc).

However, life expectancy does not measure the quality of life. For this reason, Healthy Life Expectancy is calculated, using a statistical model to estimate the length of life expectancy likely to be lived in ‘good health’. This measure is the overarching indicator used within the Public Health Outcomes Framework published by the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. From health surveys, men and women are asked about their health status to obtain the prevalence of ‘in good health’, and this is incorporated into the life expectancy calculations for each age group.

A related measure is disability adjusted life years (DALYs) which is a measure of overall disease burden, and broadly speaking is defined as the number of years of life lost due to ill health, disability or death. Medical conditions with high DALYs are conditions which impact on quality of life substantially for a long period of time.

Where there is a difference in the life expectancy between two geographical areas, it is also possible to examine the causes of death which contribute to the difference in the gap to assess where there is an excess of deaths for the geographical area with the lower life expectancy. Such analyses using been undertaken within The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Segment Tool.

The Hull Picture

Life Expectancy at Birth

In Hull, life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 75.3 years for men and 80.2 years for women for 2021-23 which is 3.8 years lower for men and 2.9 years lower for women in Hull compared to England.

Among Hull men, whilst life expectancy had increased between 2001-03 and 2010-12 from 73.7 years to 76.6 years, it remained relatively static between 2010-12 and 2014-16 (ranging from 76.5 to 76.7 years). Since 2014-16, life expectancy has declined among Hull men to 76.2 years for 2017-19. However, there was a sharp fall to 75.0 years for 2020-22 which is mainly attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic (further information on the number of COVID-19 deaths can be found within Causes of Death in Hull under Population). The largest number of deaths where COVID-19 was the underlying cause of the death were registered between April and June 2020 and between November 2020 and February 2021 (further information is given within Coronavirus (COVID-19) within Health Factors under Adults). Among both men and women, there were 388 COVID-19 deaths registered during 2020, 323 deaths in 2021 and 116 deaths in 2022 among Hull residents. Whilst there was a decrease between 2017-19 and 2018-20, the impact on life expectancy was greatest for 2019-21 and 2020-22 as these included two and three years of COVID-19 deaths rather than one year of deaths as 2018-20 did.

Life expectancy has increased slightly in Hull in the last year between 2020-22 and 2021-23 by 0.3 years. The high mortality rate from the year 2020 is no longer included in the latest period 2021-23, and it is anticipated that life expectancy will increase further for 2022-24 when the year 2021 is no longer included within that three-year period.

Since the high of 76.7 years for 2012-14, male life expectancy has decrease by 0.7% to 2017-19, by 2.2% to 2020-22 and by 1.8% to 2021-23. Between 2017-19 and 2021-23, life expectancy reduced by 0.9 years for Hull men. The reductions for England and the region (both 0.6 years) were lower.

Over the entire period between 2001-03 and 2021-23, male life expectancy at birth in Hull has increased by 1.6 years representing a 2.1% increase. Life expectancy increased by 2.6 years (3.4%) across the region and by 2.9 years (3.8%) for England. Thus the inequalities gap between Hull and England has increased.

Life expectancy at birth among Hull men in 2021-23 is the similar to what it was in 2008-10.

Life expectancy at birth among Hull women show a reasonably similar pattern compared to men although the increase overall were smaller, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was smaller.

Female life expectancy decreased between 2001-03 to 2002-04 from 79.4 years to 79.1 years, and then remained relatively unchanged until 2005-07 when it increased to 79.4 years in 2006-08. Female life expectancy at birth did then increase in Hull to a high of 80.7 years in 2011-13. The rate then fell to 80.1 years in 2015-17, and whilst there was an increase to 80.4 years in 2016-18, life expectancy remained unchanged until 2017-19 at 80.4 years. Life expectancy decreased from 80.4 years prior to the pandemic to 79.9 years for 2020-22, and similar to men, life expectancy has increased in the last year to 80.2 years for 2021-23. As the mortality rate from COVID-19 was higher among men, female life expectancy was less affected by the pandemic than male life expectancy (further information on the number of COVID-19 deaths can be found within Causes of Death in Hull under Population).

Over the entire period between 2001-03 and 2021-23, female life expectancy at birth in Hull has increased by 0.8 years representing a 1.0% increase. Life expectancy increased by 1.8 years (2.2%) across the region and by 2.4 years (3.0%) for England. Thus the inequalities gap between Hull and England has increased.

Life expectancy at birth among Hull women in 2021-23 is the same as it was in 2009-11.

Causes of Death with Excess Deaths in Hull Contributing to the Gap in Life Expectancy

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities have produced a Life Expectancy Segment Tool, which examines the gap or difference in life expectancy and assesses the excess deaths that contributed to the difference in relation to different causes of death. The latest version uses mortality data for the two years 2020-21 and is based on the original population estimates. As a result, there will be changes to the gap and the contributions by cause once Segment Tool is updated.

Gap in Life Expectancy Between Hull and England

Circulatory disease and cancer were the causes of death which had the highest excess deaths in Hull contributing to the gap in life expectancy between Hull and England for 2020-21. If the age-specific mortality rates from circulatory disease were the same in Hull as they were for England, then life expectancy would be 1.10 years higher for men and 0.66 years higher for women in Hull, and if age-specific mortality rates for cancer in Hull were the same as for England, then life expectancy in Hull would increase by 0.87 years for men and 0.90 years for women.

The gap in life expectancy between Hull and England for 2020-21 was 4.4 years for men (life expectancy 74.3 years in Hull compared to 78.7 years in England) and 3.3 years for women (life expectancy 79.4 years in Hull compared to 82.7 years in England). Thus circulatory disease accounts for 20% of the life expectancy gap for men and 25% of the gap for women, and cancer accounts for 20% of the gap for men and 28% of the gap for women.

Gap in Life Expectancy Between Most and Least Deprived Areas of Hull

The Segment Tool also examines the gap in life expectancy between the most deprived fifth of areas and the least deprived fifth of areas within each local authority.

The Office for National Statistics ‘back-date’ their pre-Census estimates of the resident population once more accurate Census data becomes available. They have published their revised estimates for each local authority and for lower geographies, but have not yet updated the segment tool. There is a difference in the population estimates for Hull in the original estimates produced for 2020 and the revised back-dated estimates subsequently produced for 2020, so it is likely that the figures in the Segment Tool for Hull based on local deprivation fifths will change slightly.

In Hull for 2020-21, they estimate that life expectancy at birth is 69.9 years for men living in the most deprived fifth of areas of Hull compared to 79.1 years for men living in the least deprived fifth of areas of Hull giving a gap of 9.2 years. For women, their life expectancy at birth estimates are 76.1 and 83.6 years for the most and least deprived fifth of areas respectively giving a gap of 7.4 years.

Among men, circulatory disease contributes 2.42 years to this life expectancy gap, external causes 2.12 years and cancer 1.51 years. Among women, the causes with the greatest excess deaths contributing to the local life expectancy gap are for cancer (1.56 years), circulatory disease (1.41 years) and respiratory disease (1.20 years).

In total, excess deaths due to circulatory disease and external causes contribute to almost half of the gap in life expectancy between the most and least deprived areas of Hull among men (26% and 23% respectively). Among women, cancer (21%), circulatory disease (19%) and respiratory disease (16%) contribute to just over half of this local gap in life expectancy.

Life Expectancy at Birth Among Local Deprivation Groups

Life expectancy at birth differs among the local deprivation tenths defined on the basis of the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019. The 95% confidence intervals are shown (for more information see Confidence Intervals in the Glossary).

The following charts show the life expectancy at birth for men for each of the deprivation tenth areas of Hull ranging from the most deprived tenth of areas of Hull to the least deprived tenth of areas of Hull. Where confidence intervals are below the Hull average these are coloured red and are statistically statistically lower than the Hull average. Where confidence intervals include the Hull average these are coloured amber and are statistically similar to the Hull average. Where confidence intervals are above the Hull average these are coloured green and are statistically higher than the Hull average.

There was a clear and strong association between life expectancy at birth and deprivation in Hull among men.

Life expectancy at birth was also calculated for men across the local deprivation fifths.

Overall, life expectancy was higher among women compared to men, but the same patterns occurred across the local deprivation tenths.

Again, a similar pattern in life expectancy at birth across Hull’s local deprivation fifths occurred for women.

Life Expectancy at Birth Among Hull’s Wards

There are considerable differences in life expectancy across Hull’s 21 wards with a gap between the wards with the highest and lowest average life expectancies at birth of 15.6 years for men and 10.1 years for women in Hull. When linked to ward rankings based on the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 these inequalities tend to follow a trend of wards with the lowest deprivation ranking having some of the highest average life expectancies and wards with the highest deprivation ranking having some of the lowest life expectancies (although there were some exceptions to this trend).

Life expectancy at birth was 1.9 years lower among men and 1.4 years lower among women for every 10 unit increase in the ward deprivation score.

The following charts show the life expectancy at birth for each of Hull’s electoral wards. The 95% confidence intervals are shown (for more information see Confidence Intervals in the Glossary). If the confidence interval is wide then there is a high degree of uncertainty around the parameter of interest, and caution should be used when interpreting the findings. This often occurs when the estimate is based on a small number of events. Estimates for Kingswood have a relatively large confidence interval due to the small number of deaths in this ward. Where confidence intervals are below the Hull average these are statistically lower than the Hull average and where confidence intervals are above the Hull average these are statistically higher than the Hull average. Confidence intervals that straddle the Hull average are statistically similar to the Hull average.

Men living in Kingswood (85.2 years), Holderness (79.5), Derringham (79.2), West Carr (78.0), Bricknell (77.9) and Boothferry (77.3) have significantly higher life expectancy compared to the Hull average.

Men living in Central (69.6), St Andrew’s & Docklands (70.0), Marfleet (71.8) and Newington & Gipsyville (72.4) have significantly lower life expectancy compared to the Hull average.

Among men, there was a inequalities gap of 15.6 years between the ward with the highest life expectancy and the lowest life expectancy, although if Kingswood (whose life expectancy is more uncertain due to the small number of deaths) is excluded the gap is smaller at 9.9 years.

Life expectancy at birth is reasonably similar across Hull’s Area Committee Areas as each area includes wards with both high and low life expectancies which average to around the Hull average, although male life expectancy is significantly lower than the Hull average in West Area Committee Area. Male life expectancy at birth is 75.5 years for men living in North Area Committee Area, 75.1 years for men living in East Area Committee Area and 74.1 years for men living in West Area Committee Area.

Women living in Kingswood (86.2 years), University (84.3), Boothferry (83.5), Drypool (83.2) and West Carr (82.3) have significantly higher life expectancy compared to the Hull average.

Women living in Marfleet (76.1), Newington & Gipsyville (76.5), Central (76.7), St Andrew’s & Docklands (77.2), North Carr (77.2) and Orchard Park (77.8) have significantly lower life expectancy compared to the Hull average.

Among women, there was a inequalities gap of 10.1 years between the ward with the highest life expectancy and the lowest life expectancy, although if Kingswood (whose life expectancy is more uncertain due to the small number of deaths) is excluded the gap is smaller at 8.2 years.

Female life expectancy at birth also is similar across Hull’s three Area Committee Areas. Female life expectancy at birth is 80.2 years for women living in North Area Committee Area, 79.6 years for women living in East Area Committee Area and 79.5 years for women living in West Area Committee Area.

Healthy Life Expectancy At Birth

Healthy life expectancy is a measure of the average number of years a person would expect to live in good health based on contemporary mortality rates and prevalence of self-reported good health. Healthy life expectancy is lower in Hull compared to England, and furthermore, when comparing life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, people in Hull live a shorter time in good health.

Healthy life expectancy at birth is 54.3 years for men and 59.3 years for women in Hull for 2021-23. This is 7.2 years for men and 7.3 years for women lower than England

Examining trends over time show that healthy life expectancy at birth has remained relatively static with more apparent changes in the last couple of years.

Between 2011-13 and 2017-19, healthy life expectancy among Hull men increased slightly from 56.3 to 57.8 years, but decreased to a low of 53.8 years for 2020-22. There has been a slight recovery to 54.3 years for 2021-22 as the excess deaths (mainly from COVID-19) from the year 2020 are no longer included. Nevertheless, in the last ten years, healthy life expectancy among Hull men has reduced by 2.0 years representing a decrease of 3.6%.

Over the same period, male healthy life expectancy has decreased by 2.1 years across the region (-3.6%) and by 1.5 years for England (-2.4%). Over the entire period, the inequalities gap between Hull and England has increased.

Healthy life expectancy increased among women between 2011-13 and 2017-19 by 1.5 years, but has since fallen to a low of 53.2 years for 2020-22, although as for men, the female healthy life expectancy has recovered to 54.6 years for 2021-23. Despite the increase in the last year, over the entire ten year period, healthy life expectancy among Hull women has reduced by 2.4 years representing a decrease of 4.2%.

Over the same period, female healthy life expectancy has decreased by 2.3 years across the region (-3.7%) and by 2.0 years for England (-3.1%).

It is possible to examine the life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, to estimate the number of years a person will live in ‘not good’ health.

For 2021-23, male healthy life expectancy is 54.3 years and life expectancy at birth is 75.3 years, so it is estimated that men spend 21.0 years of their life not in ‘good’ health which represents 27.9% of their lives (17.6 years for England representing 22.2%). For women, healthy life expectancy was 54.6 years and life expectancy at birth was 80.2 years, so it is estimated that women spend 25.6 years of their life not in ‘good’ health representing 31.9% of their lives (21.2 years for England representing 25.5%).

Life Expectancy at Age 65 Years

Life expectancy estimates are also available at age 65 years. Contemporary mortality rates will be more comparable to the actual mortality rates in future over the next 15-20 years, so life expectancy at age 65 years will be a more accurate estimate of the additional life expectancy or duration of life among those currently aged 65 years.

Life expectancy at aged 65 years is 16.7 years for men and 19.1 years for women in Hull for 2021-23. Both of these are two years lower than for England.

Life expectancy among Hull men at the age of 65 years gradually increased from 15.2 years in 2001-03 to a high of 16.8 years in 2012-14 decreasing slightly to 16.6 years in 2017-19 prior to the pandemic. Male life expectancy fell to 16.2 years for 2019-21 but has increased slightly in the last two years and is now 0.1 years higher than pre-pandemic levels.

Between 2001-03 and 2021-23, male life expectancy at age 65 years has increased by 10% although across both the region and England the increase has been 15%.

Among Hull women, life expectancy at age 65 years increased from 18.1 years in 2001-03 to a high of 19.3 years in 2011-13, followed by a decrease to 19.0 years for 2017-19 prior to the pandemic. Female life expectancy at age 65 years decreased to 18.8 years for 2020-22, but has increased in the last year to 19.1 years which is 0.1 years higher than pre-pandemic levels.

Over the entire period, 2001-03 to 2020-22, life expectancy at age 65 years has increased by 5% for Hull compared to 9% across the region and 10% for England.

Life Expectancy at Age 65 Years Among Local Deprivation Groups

Life expectancy at age 65 differs among the local deprivation fifths defined on the basis of the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019. The 95% confidence intervals are shown (for more information see Confidence Intervals in the Glossary).

There is considerable difference in male life expectancy at age 65 years among the local deprivation fifths. The differences are statistically significant.

Life expectancy at age 65 years for 2020-22 is 19.1 years among men living in the least deprived fifth of areas of Hull compared to 13.6 years among men living in the most deprived fifth of areas of Hull. This represents a difference of 5.5 years with the life expectancy 40% higher among men living in the least deprived areas of Hull.

Life expectancy at age 65 years for 2020-22 is 21.7 years among women living in the least deprived fifth of areas of Hull compared to 16.4 years among women living in the most deprived fifth of areas of Hull. This represents a difference of 5.3 years with the life expectancy 32% higher among women living in the least deprived areas of Hull.

Life Expectancy at Age 65 Years Among Hull’s Wards

In order for the life expectancy calculations to be statistically valid, the total population needs to be 5,000 or more. All the wards in Hull have a total population less than 5,000 among those aged 65+ years so it is not valid to calculate life expectancy at age 65 years across Hull’s wards based on a single year.

Where this situation does occur, the normal solution is to calculate life expectancy for a longer period of time so that the total population is larger. The back-revised population estimates at lower geographies such as wards have only recently been published by the Office for National Statistics, and local estimates of life expectancy at age 65 years will be calculated and this section updated soon.

Healthy Life Expectancy At Age 65 Years

For 2021-23, healthy life expectancy at age 65 years is 7.8 years for men and 8.6 years for women in Hull which are 2.3 years and 2.6 years lower than men and women in England (both around 23% lower than England).

Among men in Hull, healthy life expectancy at age 65 years increased between 2011-13 and 2017-19 from 7.5 years to 8.5 years. There has been a sharp decrease to 7.3 years for 2020-22, but an increase in the last year to 7.8 years.

The latest estimate is 0.7 years lower than the pre-pandemic estimate for Hull men.

Among women in Hull, healthy life expectancy at age 65 years increased between 2011-13 and 2017-19 from 8.2 years to 9.3 years. There has been a sharp decrease to 8.1 years for 2020-22, but an increase in the last year to 8.6 years.

The latest estimate is 0.7 years lower than the pre-pandemic estimate for Hull women.

The pattern for healthy life expectancy at age 65 years is slightly different to that observed for healthy life expectancy at birth as healthy life expectancy at age 65 years showed an increase prior to the pandemic and appears to have shown a smaller change due to the pandemic. It is possible that perception of health could have changed due to the pandemic particularly among people aged 65 years which could impact on the prevalence of good health and ultimately impact on healthy life expectancy.

For men in Hull aged 65 years, life expectancy is 16.7 years and healthy life expectancy is 7.8 years so it is estimated that men aged 65 years will spend 8.9 years of their estimated remaining 16.7 years not in good health which represents 53% of their remaining life (compared to 8.6 years for England equating to 46% of their remaining life).

For women in Hull aged 65 years, life expectancy is 19.1 years and healthy life expectancy is 8.6 years so it is estimated that women aged 65 years will spend 10.5 years of their estimated remaining 19.1 years not in good health which represents 55% of their remaining life (compared to 9.9 years for England equating to 47% of their remaining life).

Disability Adjusted Life Years

Nationally, lower back and neck pain, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, sense organ diseases, depressive disorders, falls and skin diseases are the top 10 causes of disability, that is they are responsible for the highest number of disability adjusted life years (DALYs).

Strategic Need and Service Provision

Whilst increasing life expectancy is important, this needs to be achieved in conjunction with improvements in the quality of life. This is particularly so with an ageing population and the consequent increased demand on scarce health and social care resources.

Resources

L’Hôte E, Castellina M, Volmert A, Conklin L, and O’Shea P. A Matter of Life and Death: Explaining the Wider Determinants of Health in the UK. FrameWorks, 2022. Commissioned by The Health Foundation. https://www.health.org.uk/publications/a-matter-of-life-or-death

Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Fingertips: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/

The Office for Health Improvement & Disparities’ Segment Tool. https://analytics.phe.gov.uk/apps/segment-tool/

Updates

This page was last updated / checked on 7 February 2025.

This page is due to be updated / checked in March 2025.